1.1. The Structure of a Sentence

1. Overview

We call a part of a sentence a constituent.
A constituent has a particular function in the larger constituent.

2. Constituents

Lexeme
- Verb
  - Lexical verb
  - Auxiliary verb
- Noun
- Determinative
- Adjective
- Adverb
- Preposition
- Subordinator
- Coordinator
Phrase (whose head is a lexeme)
- Verb phrase
- Noun phrase
- Determinative phrase
- Adjective phrase
- Adverbial phrase
- Preposition phrase
Clause
Coordination

3. Functions

In a coordination: coordinate, marker
In a clause: predicate (VP), dependent
In a phrase: head, dependent

4. Dependents of a clause

Subject
Adjunct: an optional dependent which is not required by the predicate.
Marker

5. Dependents of a phrase

Complement
- Object: a person or thing different from the subject.
  - Direct object
  - Indirect object
- Predicative complement
Adjunct: an optional dependent which is not required by the head.
- Modifier: fully integrated, attached
- Supplement: loosely attached
Determiner

References

Huddleston, R., Pullum, G. K., & Reynolds, B. (2021). A student’s introduction to English grammar (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009085748