by-PP
- reason: it was marked by a good or legitimate reason.
- unit: they are paid by the week.
- determining factor: my scheme would stand or fall by that principle.
with-PP
- the complement of an adjective: I fell so ill with hay fever.
- manner: he solved the problem with great difficulty.
- content: it worked out with her help.
as-PP
- means: they ascertained exactly as a result of research or calculation.
- (circumstantial/temporal) background: we join Wilson in 1911 as he wonders whether he can re-create the scene in the laboratory.
- content: the conference was acclaimed as a considerable success.
about-PP
- domain: there is much to learn about current problems.
to-PP
- purpose: he uses his power to bad effect.
for-PP
- local purpose of a speaker.
- the subject’s intended treatment of the object: they submitted a proposal or theory for consideration.